Project 3 Vaccines

#	NAME OF  VACCINE	DISEASE VACCINE PREVENTS	ANTIGENIC COMPONENTS OF VACCINE	METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION	DURATION OF ANTIBODY
1	Diptheria-Tetanus-Pertussis	Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Clostridium tetani, Bordetella pertussis	diphtheria toxin and inactivating it with a chemical, the tetanus toxin and inactivating it with a chemical, pertussis vaccine is made by taking two to five of these toxins and inactivating them with a chemical	DTaP and DT are administered to infants, the recommended location for injection is the anterolateral thigh muscle, however, these vaccines can be injected into the deltoid muscle if necessary	DTaP shots are recommended for babies at ages 2, 4, and 6 months, and again at 15 through 18 months of age. A DTaP booster is recommended for children ages 4 through 6 years. The Tdap vaccine is recommended for all 11 through 18 year olds. Adults need to get a Td (tetanus and diphtheria) booster shot every 10 years to stay protected until age 65.
2	Haemophilus influenza Type b	Haemophilus influenzae type b	a preparation of highly purified capsular polysaccharide derived from Haemophilus influenzae type b, which stimulates an immune response in B lymphocytes only	intramuscularly in the vastus lateralis for infants or in the deltoid muscle for toddlers and older children	First Dose: 2 months of age. Second Dose: 4 months of age. Third Dose: 6 months of age (if needed, depending on brand of vaccine). Final Dose: 12-15 months of age.
3	Hepatitis A	Hepatitis A Virus	inactivated whole virus vaccine derived from an attenuated strain of hepatitis A virus grown in cell culture	intramuscularly in the deltoid muscle or the anterolateral thigh	A12 mos -18 yrs: 2 doses 6-12 months apart. 19 years and older: 2 doses 6-12 months apart.
4	Hepatitis B	Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)	hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) inserted into yeast cells	intramuscular	1st injection: at any given time. 2nd injection: at least 1 month after the first dose. 3rd injection: 6 months after the 1st dose.
5	Herpes Zoster	reactivation of latent varicella zoster virus (VZV), shingles	lyophilized preparation of the Oka/Merck strain of live, attenuated VZV	subcutaneously in the deltoid region of the upper arm	one time dose for adults ages 60 and over
6	Human Papillomavirus	Cervical cancer, genital warts	VLP antigens for HPV 16 and 18 reassembled from L1 proteins of HPV 16 and 18	intramuscular	1st dose: now. 2nd dose: 1-2 months after dose 1. 3rd dose: 6 months after dose 1 (Long-lasting)
7	Influenza	Influenza virus	a live attenuated virus vaccine used in immunization against influenza; it is trivalent, usually containing two influenza A virus strains and one influenza B virus strain; injectable flu vaccine, which is either an "inactivated" or "recombinant" vaccine, these vaccines do not contain any live influenza virus	Intramuscular, intranasal, intradermal	Flu vaccination is recommended every year
8	Measles, Mumps, and Rubella	measles virus, mumps virus and rubella virus	live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella viruses	subcutaneously in the posterolateral fat of the upper arm	Children should get 2 doses of MMR vaccine: First Dose: 12-15 months of age. Second Dose: 4-6 years of age. Some infants younger than 12 months should get a dose of MMR if they are traveling out of the country. Generally, anyone 18 years of age or older who was born after 1956 should get at least one dose of MMR vaccine, unless they can show that they have either been vaccinated or had all three diseases.
9	Meningococcal Infections	Neisseria meningitidis	a preparation of capsular polysaccharide antigen of Neisseria meningitidis	Intramuscular and subcutaneous	Two doses are recommended for adolescents 11 through 18 years of age: the first dose at 11 or 12 years of age, with a booster dose at age 16. Adolescents in this age group with HIV infection should get three doses: 2 doses 2 months apart at 11 or 12 years, plus a booster at age 16. If the first dose (or series) is given between 13 and 15 years of age, the booster should be given between 16 and 18. If the first dose (or series) is given after the 16th birthday, a booster is not needed.
10	Pneumococcal Infections	Streptococcus pneumoniae causing the majority of pneumococcal disease	preparation of purified capsular polysaccharides from the 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing the majority of pneumococcal disease; used as an active immunizing agent	intramuscular or subcutaneous	Infants/toddlers: 4 shots before the age of 5. Each dosage is given at 2, 4, 6 and 12-15 months of age. Adults: one dosage only or in some cases a second dosage 5 years after the first one.
11	Polio	poliomyelitis	a preparation of a combination of the three types of live, attenuated polioviruses used as an active immunizing agent against poliomyelitis	intramuscular injection in the leg or arm	4 dosages in lifetime: At 2, 4, and 6-18 months of age. A booster at 4-6 years of age.
12	Rotavirus	diarrhea and vomiting caused by rotavirus	live virus vaccine produced from a mixture of four rotavirus types grown in fetal rhesus diploid cells	given by mouth (orally) to young infants	First Dose: 2 months of age. Second Dose: 4 months of age. Third Dose: 6 months of age (if needed)
13	Tetanus	Tetanus (lockjaw) casued by the tetanus bacterium Clostridium tetani	inactivated tetanus toxin (toxoid)	DTaP and DT are administered to infants, the recommended location for injection is the anterolateral thigh muscle, however, these vaccines can be injected into the deltoid muscle if necessary	DTaP shots are recommended for babies at ages 2, 4, and 6 months, and again at 15 through 18 months of age. A DTaP booster is recommended for children ages 4 through 6 years. The Tdap vaccine is recommended for all 11 through 18 year olds. Adults need to get a Td (tetanus and diphtheria) booster shot every 10 years to stay protected until age 65.
14	Varicella	Varicella Zoster Virus (chicken pox)	a preparation of live, attenuated human herpes virus 3 (varicella-zoster virus)	subcutaneously in the posterolateral fat of the upper arm	Children who have never had chickenpox should get 2 doses of the chickenpox vaccine at these ages: 12-15 months of age and 4-6 years of age. People 13 years of age and older (who have never had chickenpox or received chickenpox vaccine) should get two doses at least 28 days apart.
15	Yellow Fever	Virus spread by mosquitoes of the Aedes aegypti species	a preparation of attenuated yellow fever virus	Intramuscularly in the deltoid muscle	Vaccination lasts for 10 years, if you continue to live or travel in yellow fever-endemic areas, you should receive a booster dose of yellow fever vaccine after 10 years.

Project 2

THE KINGDOMS

1.      (A) Arrange all six kingdoms from the simplest to the most complex.

a.       Archaebacteria

b.      Eubacteria

c.       Protista

d.      Fungi

e.       Plantae

f.       Animalia

           (B) Name kingdoms that match the profile of microorganisms.

a.       Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista and Fungi

          (C) Why do the two remaining kingdoms not qualify as microorganisms?

a.       Plantae and Animalia don’t fit the criteria to qualify as a microorganism. They have tissue differentiation and can be seen with the unaided eye while the microbes can be seen only through the lenses of a microscope.

DIVERSITY OF MICROBIAL LIFE

2.      (A) Describe two characteristics shared by Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.

a.       Two characteristics that are shared by Eubacteria and Archaea are that they both are single cell organisms and both reproduce asexually.

 

             (B) Estimate the average size of human and animal cells.

a.       The average size of Archaea and bacteria can be estimated around a 0.2 μm diameter and around the length of 2-8 μm.

3.      (A) Differentiate the kingdom Eubacteria from Archaebacteria.

 

	ARCHAEA	BACTERIA
CELL WALL	Pseudopeptidoglycan	Peptidoglycan/lipopolysaccharide
GROWTH & REPRODUCTION	Reproduce asexually by the process of binary fission, budding and fragmentation	Reproduce asexually through binary fission, budding, fragmentation, but have the ability to form spores to remain dormant over years
HABITAT	Extreme and harsh environments like hot springs, salt lakes, marshlands, oceans	Ubiquitous and are found in soil, hot springs, radioactive waste, water, earth’s crust, organic matter, bodies of plants and animals

            (B) Estimate average sized of human and animal cells.

a.       The estimated average sizes of human and animal cells differ in many ways and from organ to organ. In humans, the estimated average sizes and shapes vary. The average cell is between 10 to 100 micrometers. This diversity is due to the cell's primary function. Some cells, for example the nerve cells, are long and can measure up to a meter long while others like a cheek cell is about 50 micrometers or 0.05 millimeters in size. In animals, most cells range in size between 1 and 100 micrometers.

4.      (A) How are kingdoms Fungi and Plantae similar?

a.       They are both Eukaryotic. That is they have complex organelles, linear DNA, membrane bound organelles, they are also relatively bigger than other microscopic cells. Other factors are being single celled or multicellular, and a distinct nucleus with DNA. 

            (B) Why are Fungi and Plantae not in the same kingdom?

a.       Fungi and Plants are not grouped into the same kingdom because they differ in the way the take nutrients. Plants are autotrophs which means that they produce their own food from photosynthesis, while the Fungi are heterotrophs which means they take food from other organisms through metabolism.

KINGDOM: PROTISTA

1.      (A) Briefly describe kingdom Protista.

a.       All protists are eukaryotic. In addition, all protists live in moist environments. Protists can be unicellular or multicellular.  Protists can be microscopic or can be over 100 meters long.  Some protists are heterotrophs, while others are autotrophs. Since protists vary so much, they are grouped into three subcategories: animal-like protists, fungus-like protists, and plant-like protists.

             (B) Name and describe the Protista that look like fungi.

a.       Fungus-like protists are a small group, often brightly colored heterotrophs with cell walls.  They also reproduce by forming spores.  All fungus-like protists are able to move at some point in their lives.  There are essentially three types of fungus-like protists:  water molds, downy mildews, and slime molds.

 

(C) Identify and discuss Protista with animal-like characteristics.

a.       Protists that are classified as animal-like are called protozoans and share some common traits with animals.  All animal-like protists are heterotrophs.  Likewise, all animal-like protists are able to move in their environment in order to find their food.  Unlike, animals, however, animal-like protists are all unicellular. Animal-like protists are divided into four basic groups based on how they move and live. Mastigophorans are protists with flagella such as Giardia, Sarcodines are protists with pseudopods like the Amoeba, Sporozoa are parasitic protists like Plasmodium sp., and Ciliates are protists with cilia like the Paramecium.

(D) What are plant-like Protista called? Describe them.

a.       Plant-like protists are autotrophic.  They can live in soil, on the bark of trees, in fresh water, and in salt water.  These protists are very important to the Earth because they produce a lot of oxygen, and most living things need oxygen to survive.  Furthermore, these plant-like protists form the base of aquatic food chains. These plant-like protists can be unicellular, multicellular, or live in colonies.  The plant-like protists are divided into three basic groups:  Euglenophytes, Chrysophytes (diatoms/algae) and Dinoflagellates.

 

REAL VIRUSES

1.      (A) How does microbiology define a virus?

a.       Viruses may be defined as acellular organisms whose genomes consist of nucleic acid, and which obligately replicate inside host cells using host metabolic machinery and ribosomes to form a pool of components which assemble into particles called virions, which serve to protect the genome and to transfer it to other cells.

(B) What criteria qualify viruses as living things?

a.       We first must define what needs to be present for life to be determined: homeostasis, highly organized structure, metabolism, should grow, adaptation to environment, respond to environment stimuli, and be able to reproduce. Viruses maintain some degree of homeostasis, being able to keep its protenatious and nucleic machinery separated from the outside world. Viruses also show adaptation, with their ability to mutate in order to affect new organisms.

 

(C) How would you rationalize viruses as non-living things?

a.       Viruses are not technically considered living organisms because they are devoid of biological processes (such as metabolism and respiration) and cannot reproduce on their own but require a living cell (of a plant, animal, or bacterium) to make more viruses.